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| POST ON UG Curriculum |
M.B.B.S.
BIOCHEMISTRY THEORY
Paper I
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| Section - A MCQ |
| Section - B |
| 1. |
Introduction to Biochemistry: it's Role in Medicine. |
| 2. |
Molecular and Functional Organization of cell and its Sub-Cellular Components. |
| 3. |
Mechanisms involved in maintenance of body fluid and pH homeostasis (Acid base balance and its
disorders). |
| 4. |
Structure and function of biomolecules: (Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) |
| 5. |
Fundamental aspects of enzymology and regulation of enzyme activity. |
| 6. |
Metabolism of Minerals. |
| 7. |
Biological Oxidation including ATP Cycle. |
| 8. |
Free Radical Biology. |
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| Section - C |
| 1. |
Digestion and assimilation of nutrients. |
| 2. |
Various aspects of metabolism and its regulatory pathways. |
| 3. |
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Regulation of Glycogen
Metabolism, TCA Cycle, Galactose and Fructose Metabolism, HMP Shunt Pathway, Glucuronic Acid
pathway, Hormonal Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism. |
| 4. |
Fat metabolism: Oxidation of fats and fatty acids, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, ketone bodies,
Ketogenesis, and Steroids metabolism with special reference to cholesterol metabolism. |
| 5. |
Protein metabolism: Amino acid metabolism and urea cycle. |
| 6. |
Nucleic acid metabolism. |
| 7. |
Inter-relationship of metabolic pathways. |
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| Paper II |
| Section - A MCQ |
| Section - B |
| 1. |
Molecular Biology including Regulation of gene expression, Recombinant DNA technology, DNA Cloning,
Vectors, DNA fingerprinting and its applications, Restriction Fragment length polymorphism,
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Recombinant DNA products in medicine (anticoagulants, blood
factors, erythropoietin, Human Growth Hormone, Human insulin, Interferons), Human Gene Therapy. |
| 2. |
Biochemical basis of inherited disorders (inborn errors of metabolism): Galactosemia, glycogen
storage diseases, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism, maple syrup urine disease, sickle cell
anemia, thalassemia and Gout etc. |
| 3. |
Biochemical basis of environmental health hazards including xenobiotic metabolism. |
| 4. |
Cancer and carcinogenesis. |
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| Section - C |
| 1. |
Clinical Biochemistry: Collection of blood samples, Kidney function tests, liver function test,
Gastric function test, Thyroid function test, Enzymes in diagnosis, Plasma proteins, Water and
Electrolyte balance, Lipid Profile etc. |
| 2. |
Immunology |
| 3. |
Diet and Nutrition and consequence of malnutrition. Balanced diet, Biological value of proteins,
essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, SDA, dietary factors affecting serum cholesterol level
and nutritional deficiency diseases. |
| 4. |
Vitamins. |
| 5. |
Molecular and action of hormones, Biochemical role of hormones. |
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| BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS FOR B.D.S. STUDENTS |
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1.
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CHEMISTRY OF BIOORGANIC MOLECULES
Carbohydrates: Definition, biological importance and classification. Monosaccharides isomerism,
anomerism. Sugar derivatives, Disaccharides. Polysaccharides. Structures of starch and glycogen.
Lipids: Definition, biological importance and classification. Fats and fatty acids. Introduction
to compound lipids. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups. Cholesterol. Bile salts. Micelle.
Bimolecular leaflet.
Proteins: Biological importance. Aminoacids: Classification. Introduction to peptides. Proteins:
Simple and conjugated; globular and fibrous. Charge properties. Buffer action introduction to
protein conformation. Denaturation.
Nucleic acids: Building units. Nucleotides. Outline structure of DNA and RNA.
High energy compounds: ATP, Phosphorylamidines, Thiolesters, Enol phosphates.
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2.
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MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION
Energy needs: Basal metabolic rate. Dietary carbohydrates, fibres. Dietary lipids, essential
fatty acids. Nitrogen balance. Essential amino acids. Protein quality and requirement (methods
for evaluation of protein quality to be excluded). Protein calorie malnutrition. Balanced diet.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary carbohydrates. Mechanism of uptake of monosaccharides. Digestion
and absorption of triacylglycerols. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dietary proteins and uptake of amino
acids.
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3.
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MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins: Definition, classification, daily requirement, sources and deficiency symptoms. Brief
account of water-soluble vitamins with biochemical functions. Vitamins A functions including
visual process. Vitamin D and its role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin E. vitamin K and gamma
carboxylation. Introduction to antivitamins and hypervitaminosis.
Minerals: Classification, daily requirement. Calcium and phosphate: sources, uptake, excretion,
function. Serum calcium regulation. Iron: sources, uptake and transport. Heme and nonheme iron
functions; deficiency. Iodine: Brief introduction to thyroxine synthesis. General functions of
thyroxine. Fluoride: function, deficiency and excess. Indications of role of other minerals.
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4.
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ENERGY METABOLISM
Overview: Outlines of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of
fatty acids. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Ketone body formation and
utilization. Introduction to glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, fatty acid synthesis, lipogenesis and
lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis. Lactate metabolism. Protein utilization for energy. Glucogenic and
ketogenic amino acids. Integration of metabolism.
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5.
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SPECIAL ASPECTS OF METABOLISM
Importance of pentose phosphate pathway. Formation of glucuronic acid. Outlines of cholesterol
synthesis and breakdown. Ammonia metabolism. Urea formation. Phosphocreatine formation.
Transmethylation. Amines. Introduction to other functions of amino acids including one carbon
transfer. Detoxication: Typical reactions. Examples of toxic compounds. Oxygen toxicity.
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6.
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BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Introduction to nucleotides; formation and degradation. DNA as genetic material. Introduction to
replication and transcription. Forms and functions of RNA. Genetic code and mutation. Outline of
translation process. Antimetabolites and antibiotics interfering in replication, transcription
and translation. Introduction to cancer, viruses and oncogenes.
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7.
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ENZYME AND METABOLIC REGULATION
Enzymes: Definition, classification, specificity and active site. Cofactors. Effect of pH,
temperature and substrate concentration. Introduction to enzyme inhibitors, proenzymes and
isoenzymes. Introduction to allosteric regulation, covalent modification and regulation by
induction/repression.
Overview of hormones: Introduction to second messengers, cyclic AMP, calcium ion, inositol
triphosphate. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones, epinephrine, glucagon and insulin in
brief. Acid base regulation. Electrolyte balance.
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8.
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STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND BLOOD PROTEINS
Connective tissue: Collagen and elastin. Glycosaminoglycans. Bone structure. Structure of
membranes. Membrane associated processes in brief. Exocytosis and endocytosis. Introduction to
cytoskeleton. Myofibril and muscle contraction in brief.
Haemoglobin: functions. Introduction to heme synthesis and degradation. Plasma proteins:
classification and separation. Functions of albumin. A brief account of immunoglobulins. Plasma
lipoproteins: Formation, function and turnover.
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9.
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MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
Regulation of blood glucose. Diabetes mellitus and related disorders. Evaluation of glycemic
status. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Biochemical evaluation. Hyperlipoproteinemias and
atherosclerosis, Approaches to treatment. Jaundice: Classification and evaluation. Liver
function tests: Plasma protein pattern, serum enzymes levels. Brief introduction to kidney
function tests and gastric function tests. Acid base imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance:
evaluation. Gout. Examples of genetic disorders including lysosmal storage disorders, glycogen
storage disorders, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, hemoglobinopathies, inborn
errors of amino acid metabolism and muscular dystrophy (one or two examples with biochemical
basis will be adequate). Serum enzymes in diagnosis.
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